Posted on: 02 March, 2017
Author: Alexander P
It is the intent of this article to describe the essential biological role of aggregation pheromones in the processes of scolytid host selection and mass attack. In addition, the role of scolytid pher... It is the intent of this article to describe the essential biological role of aggregation pheromones in the processes of scolytid host selection and mass attack. In addition, the role of scolytid pheromones in guiding associated insects to scolytid-attacked hosts will be examined as outlined in g. 8.2. Specic examples are taken from well researched species to illustrate each step. It is not the intent of this...
Posted on: 02 March, 2017
Author: Alexander P
The pheromone odors used by animals to demarcate their own space may come from various sources — urine, feces, saliva and most importantly from special odor-producing skin glands, the secretions... The pheromone odors used by animals to demarcate their own space may come from various sources — urine, feces, saliva and most importantly from special odor-producing skin glands, the secretions from which may increase the communicative power of feces and saliva (Hediger 1949; Mykytowycz 1970, 1972). In the rabbit, there are two externally secreting skin pheromones glands which seem to function for territorial purposes: the submandibular and the anal glands....
Posted on: 02 March, 2017
Author: Alexander P
Pheromone olfactory signals are used to delineate the various types of space and are derived from feces, urine and specialized odor-producing skin glands. Changes in the ability to produce and perce... Pheromone olfactory signals are used to delineate the various types of space and are derived from feces, urine and specialized odor-producing skin glands. Changes in the ability to produce and perceive odors match the animals’ spatial requirements. Although the repelling role of spacing is usually emphasized, its attractive functions are just as important. While it is assumed that odor of occupied space is mainly for communication with conspecics there...
Posted on: 02 March, 2017
Author: Alexander P
However, a very large number of reports on the occurrence and histological structure of specialized, odor-producing skin glands and on behavioral patterns concerned with the emission, deposition and o... However, a very large number of reports on the occurrence and histological structure of specialized, odor-producing skin glands and on behavioral patterns concerned with the emission, deposition and olfactory investigation of excretions suggest that pheromones not only exist in many -- if not most — primate species, but that they are also of considerable importance in regulating the daily life of the individual according to http://hartch25.weebly.com/our-marketing-blog/some-claim-pheromones-doesnt-work I shall review the evidence...
Posted on: 02 March, 2017
Author: Alexander P
Although the use of different top pheromone attractants is the most obvious method of achieving reproductive isolation, many species apparently employ the same attractant system. In these cases rate o... Although the use of different top pheromone attractants is the most obvious method of achieving reproductive isolation, many species apparently employ the same attractant system. In these cases rate of pheromone release from the female may be a species-specific cue. Particular pheromone concentrations may be required to elicit male attraction, close-range searching behavior and copulatory attempts. Hierarchies of behavioral responses (antennal movement, wing uttering, anemotaxis, etc.) in which each successive...
Posted on: 02 March, 2017
Author: Alexander P
All kairomone-responding species begin to arrive at, or very shortly after, the initial attack of the host and are thus present and ying in an environment permeated by scolytid aggregation pheromones... All kairomone-responding species begin to arrive at, or very shortly after, the initial attack of the host and are thus present and ying in an environment permeated by scolytid aggregation pheromones. Significantly, all are entomophagous insects which are intimately associated with bark beetles and depend on them as larval and or adult food. The beetles assures simultaneously continued response of female beetles to the area of pheromone release. The...
Posted on: 02 March, 2017
Author: Alexander P
Adult, experienced, male Long-Evans rats prefer red the odor of receptive females to that of non-receptive ones. Polygamous females, however, did not discriminate between the pheromone odor of the ori... Adult, experienced, male Long-Evans rats prefer red the odor of receptive females to that of non-receptive ones. Polygamous females, however, did not discriminate between the pheromone odor of the original male and that of a novel one. Experienced and naive receptive female pheromones preferred the odor of intact males to that of castrates (Carr et al. 1965). Immature males also preferred the odor of normal males over that of castrated...
Posted on: 02 March, 2017
Author: Alexander P
With the top pheromones, they could be used as temporary measures until synthetic brood and queen pheromones are available. On most crops honeybees collecting pollen are more effective as pollinators... With the top pheromones, they could be used as temporary measures until synthetic brood and queen pheromones are available. On most crops honeybees collecting pollen are more effective as pollinators than those collecting nectar only. Increasing the amount of brood pheromone which stimulates pollen collection in particular, should also increase pollina- tion. Until relevant synthetic brood pheromone is available minor and inexpensive adaptations to hives that direct foragers to the...
Posted on: 02 March, 2017
Author: Alexander P
The emergent beetle is exposed to new environmental conditions such as sunlight, uctuating relative humidity, wind and heat. At this point in their life cycle, scolytids are characteristically ight ... The emergent beetle is exposed to new environmental conditions such as sunlight, uctuating relative humidity, wind and heat. At this point in their life cycle, scolytids are characteristically ight positive. Many of the physiological criteria governing emergence must also govern readiness to y. In addition, emergence periodicity is apparently reected in the diet ight rhythms of many scolytids (Daterman et al. 1965; Gara 1963; Vité et al. 1964). The environmental...
Posted on: 02 March, 2017
Author: Alexander P
Male Ips pini (Say) horing in pine logs produced an odor which attracted large numbers of beetles from the surrounding forest. Since that time, the top pheromones which promote populatlon aggregation ... Male Ips pini (Say) horing in pine logs produced an odor which attracted large numbers of beetles from the surrounding forest. Since that time, the top pheromones which promote populatlon aggregation have been demonstrated in over 30 species (Borden and Stokink 1971). Chemical identications and/or structures have been described for the pheromones of several species (see table 8.1). A considerable body of data has also accumulated on behavior...